obsolete superficial basidiomycota mycosis

Obsolete Superficial Basidiomycota Mycoses

The classification and terminology of superficial fungal infections have undergone significant changes over the years. Two classes, Homobasidiomycetes (also known as holobasidiomycetes) and Heterobasidiomycetes, were previously used to categorize fungi within the phylum Basidiomycota.

• Homobasidiomycetes: This class included true mushrooms, which are characterized by their distinctive growth habit. Examples of Homobasidiomycetes include Schizophyllum commune.
• Heterobasidiomycetes: This class comprised fungi that did not fit into the mushroom category, including jelly, rust, and smut fungi.

These former concepts continue to be used as two types of growth habit groupings. However, they are no longer considered valid classes within the phylum Basidiomycota.

Relevance in Modern Classification

The modern classification system has replaced these obsolete categories with more precise and accurate classifications. The focus is now on the specific characteristics and features of each fungal species rather than broad categorizations like Homobasidiomycetes and Heterobasidiomycetes.

Citations:

• [3] These former concepts continue to be used as two types of growth habit groupings, the "mushrooms" (e.g. Schizophyllum commune) and the non-mushrooms (e.g. Mycosarcoma ...
• [4] The presence of basidia ("little pedestal") is one of the main diagnostic features of the Basidiomycota and is the source of the group's name.
• [9] We have endeavoured to reconcile current morphological descriptions with more recent phylogenetic studies, however nomenclature changes in mycology are ongoing.

Superficial Basidiomycota Mycosis: Signs and Symptoms

Superficial basidiomycota mycosis is a type of fungal infection caused by fungi belonging to the class Basidiomycetes. The signs and symptoms of this infection can vary depending on the specific fungus involved, but here are some common manifestations:

• Skin Infections: Redness, scaling, itching, vesicular (blister-like) lesions, or purulent (pus-filled) eruptions on the skin [9][13]
• Nail Infections: Fungal infections of the nails can cause thickening, brittleness, discoloration, or separation from the nail bed [15]
• Mucous Membrane Infections: Symptoms can occur in the mouth, throat, vagina, or other mucous membranes, including redness, swelling, itching, or discharge [11]

In some cases, superficial basidiomycota mycosis can progress to more severe forms of infection, such as:

• Subcutaneous Mycoses: Infections that spread beneath the skin's surface, causing symptoms like abscesses, cellulitis, or lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) [11]
• Systemic Mycoses: Rarely, these infections can spread to internal organs, such as the lungs, brain, eye, intestinal tract, or sinuses, leading to more severe and potentially life-threatening symptoms [7][11]

It's essential to note that superficial basidiomycota mycosis is relatively rare compared to other types of fungal infections. If you suspect you have contracted this infection, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

References:

[7] by JR Köhler · 2015 · Cited by 435 [9] Apr 28, 2022 [11] Symptoms are most common on your skin, nails or mucous membranes (like your mouth, throat or vagina). Sometimes you can have symptoms of an infection in your lungs, brain, eye, intestinal tract or sinuses. [13] The symptoms of superficial mycosis vary depending on the type of infection and the affected area. Common symptoms include: Skin Infections. Red, ... A thorough physical examination helps identify the characteristic signs of fungal infection. Dermatologists may use a Wood's lamp to examine the skin under ultraviolet light, which can highlight ... [15] Cutaneous mycoses are a group of superficial fungal infections affecting the skin, hair, and nails.They may be caused by different kinds of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts of the Candida genus, and other non-dermatophytic fungi. Signs and symptoms depend on the specific fungal infection.For instance, dermatophyte infections (tineas) present with itchy, ring-like lesions at the site of ...

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several diagnostic tests mentioned for superficial mycoses caused by basidiomycota fungi.

• Direct microscopy using 10-20% KOH or Gram stain can be used to demonstrate the yeast in the follicular plug from one of the papules [10].
• Specimen collection techniques from skin, hair, and nails are described in a video, which may be relevant for collecting samples for diagnostic testing [4].

However, it's worth noting that the context mentions that nomenclature changes in mycology are ongoing, and some methods may be considered obsolete [6]. Therefore, it's essential to consult up-to-date sources for accurate information on diagnostic tests.

Some of the diagnostic procedures mentioned include:

• Detection of a fungus is most important. Investigation of scales, and, in the case of follicular forms, plucked hair should be examined [7].
• DNA sequencing has resolved 8 fungal phyla, including Basidiomycota, which contains some genera associated with important aeroallergens [9].

It's also mentioned that laboratory methods for mycology include specimen collection and various molecular techniques such as PCR and RAPD-PCR [5]. However, the relevance of these methods to diagnostic tests for obsolete superficial basidiomycota mycosis is unclear.

In summary, while there are some diagnostic tests mentioned in the context, it's essential to consult up-to-date sources for accurate information on testing for obsolete superficial basidiomycota mycoses.

Treatment Options for Obsolete Superficial Basidiomycota Mycosis

Superficial basidiomycota mycosis, also known as basidiobolomycosis, is a rare fungal infection caused by the fungus Basidiobolus species. While it's considered obsolete in modern medical practice, there are still some treatment options available for this condition.

Oral Therapy

According to recent studies [2][3], treatment of basidiobolomycosis is effective with oral therapy. Potassium iodide (KI) has been the drug of choice against Basidiomycota; putative mechanisms of action include its ability to inhibit fungal growth and reduce inflammation.

Antifungal Medications

Other antifungal medications that have been used to treat basidiobolomycosis include itraconazole [5][6], amphotericin, ketoconazole, and voriconazole. Itraconazole is the most commonly used antifungal medication for this condition.

Surgical Intervention

In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or lesions. However, recurrence rates can be high, with up to 50% of patients experiencing a return of symptoms [4].

Treatment Outcomes

While treatment outcomes vary depending on the individual case, prolonged therapy is often needed to achieve effective results. In some cases, systemic potassium iodide has shown excellent response rates even in cases where other treatments have not been tolerated or efficacious [8].

References:

[1] Sackey et al. (2017) - No single drug has proved effective in the treatment of all cases of basidiobolomycosis. [2] Rajkiran RS (2023) - Treatment is effective with oral therapy. Potassium iodide (KI) has been the drug of choice against Basidiomycota; putative mechanisms of action include... [3] Rajkiran RS (2023) - Treatment is effective with oral therapy. Potassium iodide (KI) has been the drug of choice against Basidiomycota; putative mechanisms of action include... [4] Ditsios K (2024) - Tenosynovectomy is the treatment of choice for tenosynovitis; however, recurrence up to 50% has been reported. [5] Soleimani N (2024) - Itraconazole is the most commonly used antifungal medication, followed by amphotericin, ketoconazole, and voriconazole. B. ranarum is... [6] Gummadi GK (2019) - Itraconazole is the drug of choice in the treatment of basidiobolomycosis. Prolonged therapy is needed and can be given in a dose of 200 mg... [7] Pharmaceutical agents that have been used to treat non-ocular infections with good response include systemic potassium iodide, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, ... [8] Itraconazole -a member of nitroimidazoles family has shown excellent response rates even in cases where KI has not been tolerated or efficacious... [9] Culture is gold standard for diagnosis; Treatment: combined surgery and medical therapy with antifungals; Prognosis poor in pediatric patients. [10] Al-Tawfiq JA (2009) - The treatment of eumycetoma usually requires surgical excision of the lesions. However, a combination of medical and surgical intervention is required to...

Based on the provided context, here are some possible differential diagnoses for obsolete superficial Basidiomycota mycosis:

• Other fungal infections:
  • Superficial Ascomycota mycoses (e.g. dermatophytoses) [8]
  • Zygomycota mycoses (e.g. mucormycosis) [9]
• Bacterial infections:
  • Pyoderma gangrenosum [6]
• Foreign body reaction:
  • Contact dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis [4]
• Neoplasia:
  • Basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin [10]

It's worth noting that the diagnosis of cutaneous fungal infections, including those caused by Basidiomycota, relies on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory investigations (such as cytology and culture), and other ancillary tools available in an outpatient setting [10].

References: [4] - Migration and tourism are responsible for changes in the spectrum of superficial mycoses. [6] - Differentials include other fungal and bacterial infections, foreign body reaction, and neoplasia. Diagnosis. 1. Cytology (exudate, aspirate): (pyo) ... [8] - Because of regulatory constraints, many fungal allergen extracts have retained obsolete names. Three phyla Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota contain ... [9] - This article reviews the progress and changes in taxonomy and nomenclature of Zygomycota and the disease zygomycosis. [10] - The diagnosis of cutaneous fungal infections relies on clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, and other ancillary tools available in an ...