obsolete localized unresectable adult primary hepatoma

Obsolescence and Description

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was previously referred to as a localized unresectable adult primary hepatoma. This term is now considered outdated due to advancements in medical terminology.

• Localized: Refers to the cancer being confined to a specific area of the liver.
• Unresectable: Indicates that surgical removal of the tumor is not possible or feasible.
• Adult primary hepatoma: An older term for HCC, emphasizing its origin in the liver tissue (hepatoma) and affecting adults.

Current Understanding

The current understanding and classification of HCC have evolved to better reflect its characteristics and treatment options. The disease is now typically referred to as hepatocellular carcinoma, with a focus on its malignant nature and potential for metastasis.

• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): A type of liver cancer that originates in the hepatocytes, the main cell type of the liver.
• Localized vs. Unresectable: While HCC can be localized to a specific area of the liver, its unresectability depends on various factors, including tumor size, location, and patient overall health.

Treatment Options

The treatment options for HCC have expanded significantly, and they now include:

• Surgery: Resection or ablation of the tumor, depending on its size and location.
• Ablation: A minimally invasive procedure to destroy cancer cells using heat, cold, or chemicals.
• Embolization: A technique that cuts off blood supply to the tumor, starving it of oxygen and nutrients.
• Targeted therapy: Medications that specifically target cancer cells, reducing their growth and spread.
• Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells or slow their growth.

References

1. [Number 10] - Localized Unresectable Adult Primary Cancer of Liver; Localized Unresectable Adult Primary Cancer of the Liver; Localized Unresectable Adult Primary Liver Cancer:
2. [Number 12] - Hepatocellular carcinomas are the most common primary neoplasia of the liver.
3. [Number 13] - Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) ranks as the sixth most common malignancy and second most common cause of cancer-related death globally.

Note: The references provided are based on the context information, which is a collection of search results related to hepatocellular carcinoma.

Based on the provided context, here are the signs and symptoms of obsolete localized unresectable adult primary hepatoma:

Early Stages

• Typically causes no symptoms in its early stages [9]
• May not be detected until it has progressed to a more advanced stage [9]

Advanced Stages

• Fullness or a knot under your ribs on your right side (symptoms of an enlarged liver) [11]
• Fullness under your ribs on your left side (symptoms of an enlarged spleen) [11]
• Eyes and skin turning yellow (signs of jaundice) [11]

Other Symptoms

• Pale or clay-colored stools [12]
• Dark urine [12]
• Abdominal pain or discomfort [14]
• Weight loss [14]

It's worth noting that these symptoms can also be indicative of other liver conditions, and a definitive diagnosis of primary hepatoma typically requires imaging tests, blood tests, and/or a liver biopsy.

References:

[9] - Symptoms of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. HCC typically causes no symptoms in its early and most treatable stages. [11] - What are the symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma? Tumors may not cause symptoms in the early stages. But as HCC progresses, you may notice: Fullness or a knot under your ribs on your right side (symptoms of an enlarged liver). Fullness under your ribs on your left side (symptoms of an enlarged spleen). Eyes and skin turning yellow (signs of jaundice). [12] - Primary liver cancer facts written by Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD. Primary liver cancer is cancer that begins in the liver. It is much less common than cancers that form in other areas of the body and spread to the liver (a metastasis of another cancer).; Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer.; Symptoms and signs of primary liver cancer include pale stools, dark urine, abdominal pain or discomfort, weight loss. [14] - Diagnosis. Tests and procedures used to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma include: Blood tests to measure liver function; Imaging tests, such as CT and MRI Liver biopsy, in some cases, to remove a sample of liver tissue for laboratory testing Treatment. Which treatment is best for you will depend on the size and location of your hepatocellular carcinoma, how well your liver is functioning, and ...

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are looking for diagnostic tests used to diagnose adult primary hepatoma (liver cancer) in cases where the tumor is localized but unresectable.

Imaging Tests

Several imaging tests can be used to diagnose and stage liver cancer. These include:

• Ultrasound: A non-invasive test that uses sound waves to create images of the liver. It can help identify tumors, assess their size, and guide biopsies [6].
• Computed Tomography (CT): A powerful X-ray imaging technique that can provide detailed pictures of the liver and surrounding tissues. CT scans can help diagnose liver cancer, assess tumor size, and evaluate the extent of disease spread [5].
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An advanced imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the liver. MRI scans can be used to diagnose liver cancer, assess tumor size, and guide biopsies [1].

Blood Tests

Blood tests may also be used to support a diagnosis of liver cancer. These include:

• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test: A blood test that measures levels of AFP, a protein produced by the liver. Elevated AFP levels can indicate liver cancer [3][9].
• Liver function tests: Blood tests that assess liver function and detect abnormalities in liver enzymes.

Liver Biopsy

In some cases, a liver biopsy may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of liver cancer. This involves removing a small sample of liver tissue for laboratory analysis.

It's worth noting that the choice of diagnostic test will depend on individual patient factors, such as tumor size, location, and extent of disease spread.

References:

[1] Apr 28, 2023 — Tests and procedures used to diagnose liver cancer include: Imaging tests. [5] Oct 14, 2024 — The diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can often be established on the basis of noninvasive imaging, without biopsy confirmation. [6] Imaging Tests · Ultrasound uses sound waves to create a detailed picture of your liver. [9] by ES Bialecki · 2005 · Cited by 435 — Diagnostic tools commonly used include the serum tumor marker alfa‐fetoprotein (AFP), radiographic imaging, and liver biopsy.

Based on the available information, it appears that there are several treatment options for unresectable adult primary hepatoma (also known as hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC).

Current Treatment Options:

• Multikinase inhibitors: Sorafenib and lenvatinib have been adopted globally for the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC [7]. These medications work by inhibiting multiple kinases, which are enzymes involved in cell growth and proliferation.
• Vegf/vegfr inhibitors: Bevacizumab has also been used to treat HCC, particularly when combined with atezolizumab [1].
• Anti-ctla-4 monoclonal antibodies: Tremelimumab has shown promising results in combination with durvalumab for the treatment of unresectable HCC [2, 3]. This combination was approved by the US FDA in 2022.
• Anti-pd-1 and pd-l1 monoclonal antibodies: Nivolumab (OPDIVO) and ipilimumab (YERVOY) have been approved for the treatment of adult patients with HCC [4, 5]. Durvalumab (IMFINZI) has also been approved in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin for locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer.
• Other treatments: Doxorubicin is a primary cytotoxic agent used to treat intermediate-stage HCC [8].

Emerging Treatment Options:

• Immunotherapy: The use of immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors, has shown promise in the treatment of HCC. For example, the combination of tremelimumab and durvalumab was approved by the US FDA in 2022 for the treatment of unresectable HCC [3].
• Targeted therapies: Targeted therapies, such as selumetinib and Akt inhibitor MK-2206, are being investigated for the treatment of refractory or advanced gallbladder or bile duct cancer.

It's worth noting that the treatment options for unresectable adult primary hepatoma may vary depending on individual patient factors, such as tumor size, location, and stage. A healthcare professional should be consulted to determine the most appropriate treatment plan.

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are looking for information on the differential diagnosis of a specific type of liver cancer.

The differential diagnosis for localized unresectable adult primary hepatoma (also known as hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC) includes:

• Cholangiocarcinoma: This is another type of liver cancer that can present similarly to HCC. It arises from the bile ducts and can be difficult to distinguish from HCC based on imaging alone [10].
• Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH): While FNH is a non-neoplastic condition, it can sometimes be mistaken for HCC due to its similar appearance on imaging studies. However, FNH typically lacks the characteristic features of HCC, such as vascular invasion and fibrosis [15].
• Metastatic disease: In some cases, liver masses may represent metastases from a primary cancer elsewhere in the body. A thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history and imaging studies is necessary to rule out this possibility.
• Other rare liver tumors: There are several other rare types of liver tumors that can be considered in the differential diagnosis for HCC, including hepatoblastoma, undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma, and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.

It's worth noting that a definitive diagnosis of HCC typically requires histological examination of tumor tissue. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, can provide valuable information but are not always sufficient to make a diagnosis [13].

References:

[10] Razik A, Malla S, Goyal A, Gamanagatti S, Kandasamy D, Das CJ. Localized Unresectable Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Review of Imaging Appearances and Differential Diagnosis.

[15] Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a non-neoplastic, polyclonal proliferation of hepatocytes...