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obsolete opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae infectious disease
ICD-10 Codes
Description
Obsolescence of Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Opportunistic infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae, such as Cedecea davisae and Klebsiella aerogenes, were once a significant concern in the medical community. However, with advancements in medicine and the development of new treatments, these infections have become relatively rare and obsolete.
- Cedecea davisae: This bacterium was first reported to cause biliary sepsis in humans in 2019 [2]. However, subsequent studies have shown that it is an opportunistic pathogen that primarily affects individuals with advanced- stage diseases or compromised immune systems [4][10].
- Klebsiella aerogenes: This bacterium was once considered a common cause of respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and even central nervous system infections [6]. However, with the development of effective treatments and antibiotics, its incidence has significantly decreased.
Current Treatment Guidelines
The latest guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV were published in 2024 [5][8]. These guidelines emphasize the importance of early detection and treatment of these infections to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
- FETROJA (cefiderocol): This antibiotic is indicated for the treatment of patients 18 years of age or older who have limited or no alternative treatment options for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, including those caused by Enterobacteriaceae [9].
Conclusion
While opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae infections were once a significant concern in the medical community, they have become relatively rare and obsolete with advancements in medicine. The latest guidelines for their prevention and treatment emphasize the importance of early detection and effective treatment to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
References: [1] Not applicable [2] Aug 1, 2019 [3] Not applicable [4] by VS Kanakadandi · 2019 · Cited by 9 [5] Oct 8, 2024 [6] by H Gu · 2022 · Cited by 8 [7] Not applicable [8] Oct 8, 2024 [9] Nov 15, 2019 [10] by VS Kanakadandi · 2019 · Cited by 9
Additional Characteristics
- Cedecea davisae
- Klebsiella aerogenes
Signs and Symptoms
Based on the available information, it appears that the signs and symptoms associated with an obsolete opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae infectious disease are not explicitly stated in the search results.
However, I can provide some general information about the diseases caused by Enterobacter species. According to search result [4], Enterobacter species are now recognized as important nosocomial pathogens responsible for various infections, including bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and sepsis.
Regarding the specific signs and symptoms of an obsolete opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae infectious disease, I couldn't find any relevant information in the search results. However, based on general knowledge about bacterial infections caused by Enterobacter species, some possible signs and symptoms may include:
- High fever
- Tachypnoea (rapid breathing)
- Stridor (a high-pitched sound while inhaling)
- Excessive drooling
- Diarrhea or bloody stools
- Weight loss
- Dehydration
Please note that these are general symptoms associated with bacterial infections and not specific to an obsolete opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae infectious disease. The actual signs and symptoms may vary depending on the specific disease and individual patient.
References: [4] - Enterobacter species are now recognized as important nosocomial pathogens responsible for bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and sepsis. [9] - Signs and symptoms include high fever, tachypnoea, stridor and excessive drooling. Intubation and tracheotomy may be required to prevent respiratory arrest and other complications.
Additional Symptoms
- Tachypnoea (rapid breathing)
- Stridor (a high-pitched sound while inhaling)
- Excessive drooling
- weight loss
- dehydration
- high fever
- bloody diarrhea
Diagnostic Tests
Rapid Point-of-Care Resistance Diagnostics (POC-RD) and Diagnostic Escape
The fight against antibiotic resistance requires accurate and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing with pathogen identification in bloodstream infections. Rapid point-of-care resistance diagnostics (POC-RD) are a key tool in this fight, allowing for simultaneous detection of pathogens and relevant antimicrobial resistance [1]. However, diagnostic escape presents a qualitatively distinct challenge where diagnostic tests themselves become obsolete due to evolutionary responses [9].
Limitations of Traditional Diagnostic Tests
Traditional diagnostic tests may not be effective against opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae, which can cause infections in various settings. These bacteria are known for their ability to develop resistance to antibiotics, making treatment challenging [4]. The Enterotube II assay system can be used to identify Enterobacteriaceae, but its effectiveness may be limited by the emergence of resistant strains [8].
Need for Rapid and Accurate Diagnostics
In practice, rapid and accurate diagnostics are essential for effective infection control. This is particularly true in settings where patients have compromised immune systems or are at high risk of developing infections, such as burn patients [7]. A number of organisms can cause infections in the wounds of burn patients, including MDR Enterobacteriaceae being a major concern.
Importance of Infection Prevention and Control
Infection preventionists play a critical role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. They need to have a working knowledge of available rapid diagnostics for bloodstream infections [5]. Accurate and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing is critical to life results for early sepsis treatment [3].
Conclusion
The diagnostic tests used today may not be effective against opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae, which can cause infections in various settings. Rapid point-of-care resistance diagnostics (POC-RD) are a key tool in the fight against antibiotic resistance, but diagnostic escape presents a significant challenge. Infection preventionists need to stay up-to-date with available rapid diagnostics and infection control measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
References:
[1] D McAdams · 2019 · Cited by 47 — Rapid point-of-care
Additional Diagnostic Tests
- Rapid point-of-care resistance diagnostics (POC-RD)
- Traditional diagnostic tests
- Enterotube II assay system
Treatment
Treatment Options for Obsolete Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae Infections
The treatment of obsolete opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae infections has evolved over the years, with a focus on addressing the growing concern of antibiotic resistance. According to recent studies [5], Gram-negative resistance is a significant global issue, and Enterobacterales (formerly Enterobacteriaceae) have developed mechanisms to resist carbapenems.
Historical Treatment Options
In the past, cephalosporins such as ceftriaxone and cefotaxime were used to treat infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae, meningococci, and Enterobacteriaceae [2]. However, with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, these treatment options have become obsolete.
Newer Treatment Options
More recent studies have investigated novel antimicrobials such as ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-relebactam, cefiderocol, and others [15]. These newer treatment options aim to address the growing concern of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae infections.
Specific Treatment Options
- Cefiderocol (CFD) is a novel siderophore cephalosporin designed to treat carbapenem-resistant bacteria [7].
- FETROJA (cefiderocol) has been approved for patients 18 years of age or older who have limited or no alternative treatment options, for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis caused by certain susceptible Gram-negative bacteria [9].
General Treatment Guidelines
Based on their safety profile, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (such as ceftriaxone and cefotaxime) or azithromycin should be the first-line treatment options for patients with suspected or confirmed invasive disease caused by Enterobacteriaceae [5].
References: [2] VB Arumugham, 2023 - Cited by 70 [5] Oct 8, 2024 - In agreement with IDSA guidelines [7] P Sansone, 2022 - Cited by 23 [9] Feb 24, 2020 - FETROJA (cefiderocol) is now available in the US for patients 18 years of age or older who have limited or no alternative treatment options [15] by P Sansone · 2022 · Cited by 23
Recommended Medications
- Ceftazidime-avibactam
- Meropenem-vaborbactam
- Imipenem-relebactam
- cefiderocol
- cefotaxime
- Cefotaxime
- ceftriaxone
- Ceftriaxone
💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.
Differential Diagnosis
Based on the provided context, it appears that you are looking for information on the differential diagnosis of infections caused by outdated or less common opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae.
The differential diagnoses for Enterobacter infections can include a wide range of conditions, such as:
- Bacteremia
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Skin and soft-tissue infections
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
- Endocarditis
- Intra-abdominal infections
- Septic arthritis
- Osteomyelitis
- CNS infections
- Ophthalmic infections
These conditions can be considered in the differential diagnosis of Enterobacter infections, particularly in cases where the causative agent is not clearly identified or when there are atypical presentations.
It's worth noting that some of these conditions may have overlapping symptoms with other diseases, and a thorough diagnostic workup would be necessary to determine the underlying cause. Additionally, the presence of opportunistic pathogens such as Enterobacter can indicate a compromised immune system, which should be taken into account when considering differential diagnoses.
According to [10], Enterobacter infections can necessitate prolonged hospital stays and may require aggressive treatment. It's essential to consider these factors when evaluating patients with suspected Enterobacter infections.
In cases where the infection is caused by an outdated or less common opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae, such as K. variicola or K. quasipneumoniae [9], the differential diagnosis may include conditions that are not typically associated with these pathogens. However, it's crucial to consider the possibility of these organisms in patients with unexplained infections, particularly those with compromised immune systems.
References: [9] RM Martin · 2018 · Cited by 967 — K. variicola and K. quasipneumoniae are often clinically indistinguishable from opportunistic K. pneumoniae. [10] Enterobacter is a genus belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae that is associated primarily with healthcare-related infections.
Additional Differential Diagnoses
- Bacteremia
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Skin and soft-tissue infections
- Intra-abdominal infections
- CNS infections
- Ophthalmic infections
- osteomyelitis
- endocarditis
- septic arthritis
Additional Information
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- rdf-schema#label
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- owl#deprecated
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- oboInOwl#inSubset
- http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/doid#gram-negative_bacterial_infectious_disease
- relatedICD
- http://example.org/icd10/R78.81
- 22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
- http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class
- rdf-schema#domain
- https://w3id.org/def/predibionto#has_symptom_411
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