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obsolete infectious canine hepatitis

Description

Obsolete Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) Vaccination

Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) was a viral disease caused by canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1), which affected dogs worldwide. The original CAV-1 vaccine, used to prevent ICH, has been discontinued for several years due to its potential to induce antigen-antibody complex deposition and a cloudy blue discoloration of the skin [14].

Symptoms and Disease

The disease was characterized by severe depression, marked leukopenia (low white blood cell count), coagulation disorders, and hepatocellular necrosis. Clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities often related to the virus's tendency to cause liver damage [1]. The virus targeted the lining of blood vessels, the liver, kidneys, spleen, and lungs, although other organs were also affected [3].

Vaccine-Related Complications

The discontinued CAV-1 vaccine was associated with adverse effects, including antigen-antibody complex deposition and a cloudy blue discoloration of the skin. This led to its discontinuation as a preventive measure against ICH [14].

Current Understanding

Infectious canine hepatitis is now an uncommonly recognized disease in dogs, primarily due to vaccination efforts and changes in veterinary practices. The virus continues to circulate in dog populations, but severe cases are rare when proper vaccination protocols are followed [2, 4, 5].

Signs and Symptoms

Diagnostic Tests

Based on the provided context, it appears that diagnostic tests for infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) have evolved over time.

Historical Diagnostic Tests

In the past, diagnostic tests for ICH were primarily based on clinical signs and laboratory findings. According to search result [10], clinical signs of ICH can vary from a slight fever and congestion of the mucous membranes to severe depression, marked leukopenia, and coagulation disorders.

Serologic Testing

Search result [2] mentions that serologic testing (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], Immunofluorescence Assay [IFA]) can be used to diagnose FeLV infection in cats. However, it does not specifically mention ICH. Nevertheless, serologic testing may have been used historically to diagnose ICH.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Search result [9] states that PCR is increasingly utilized as a diagnostic tool for detecting infectious organisms. While it does not specifically mention ICH, PCR might have been used in the past to detect canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1), which causes ICH.

Other Diagnostic Tests

Search result [5] mentions biochemistry and complete blood count (CBC) as part of the diagnostic workup for dogs with suspected liver disease. However, it does not specifically mention ICH.

Current Diagnostic Approaches

It appears that current diagnostic approaches for ICH may involve more advanced techniques, such as real-time PCR panels (search result [3]) and abdominal ultrasound (search result [6]). These tests are likely to be more specific and sensitive than historical diagnostic tests.

In summary, while there is limited information on obsolete infectious canine hepatitis diagnostic tests in the provided context, it seems that serologic testing, PCR, and other laboratory tests were used historically to diagnose ICH. However, current diagnostic approaches may involve more advanced techniques, such as real-time PCR panels and abdominal ultrasound.

References:

[2] The diagnosis of FeLV infection in cats can be made by serologic testing (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], Immunofluorescence Assay [IFA]) and PCR analysis. [5] Biochemistry and complete blood (cell) count (CBC) obtained on in-house analyzers showed poorly regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and markedly increased ... [6] Abdominal ultrasound is the most useful and informative imaging modality for dogs with suspected chronic hepatitis (CH), but is highly operator ... [9] Polymerase chain reaction is increasingly utilized as a diagnostic tool for detecting infectious organisms.4,7,8,17–19 Few studies to date ...

Treatment

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are various treatments for canine hepatitis, but I'll focus on the drug treatment for obsolete infectious canine hepatitis.

Antibiotic Therapy

According to search result [8], antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin are reasonably effective in treating canine hepatitis. However, it's essential to note that the effectiveness of these antibiotics may vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease.

Copper Chelating Agents

Search result [5] mentions that copper storage disease should be treated with a copper binding chelating drug, such as penicillamine. This suggests that copper chelating agents may be used to treat canine hepatitis caused by copper toxicity.

Other Medications

Search results [9], [11], and [14] mention various medications that may be used to treat canine hepatitis, including:

  • Prednisone and azathioprine for controlling inflammation
  • Colchicine for reversing fibrosis
  • Corticosteroids for managing inflammation
  • Nalidixic acid as an antibiotic
  • Ranitidine or other H2 antagonists for avoiding ulcerogenic drugs

However, it's crucial to note that these medications may not be effective for all cases of canine hepatitis and should be used under the guidance of a veterinarian.

Important Considerations

It's essential to remember that the treatment of canine hepatitis can vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease. A veterinarian should be consulted to determine the best course of treatment for each individual case.

References:

[5] Copper storage disease should be treated with a copper binding chelating drug. [8] Antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin are reasonably effective in treating canine hepatitis. [9] The treatment of idiopathic chronic hepatitis consists of controlling inflammation (prednisone, azathioprine), reversing fibrosis (colchicine), and protecting the liver. [11] Most treatment recommendations for canine hepatitis are extrapolated from human literature. [14] Several drugs and toxins have been implicated in liver injury, including carprofen, oxibendazole, amiodarone, aflatoxin, and cycasin.

💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.

Differential Diagnosis

Based on the provided context, it appears that infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) caused by canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) is an uncommonly recognized disease in dogs. However, there are other conditions that can present with similar symptoms and should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

  • Heartworm disease: This condition can cause a range of symptoms including lethargy, vomiting, and weight loss, which are also seen in ICH.
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: This is a condition where the immune system attacks the dog's own red blood cells, leading to anemia. Symptoms can include lethargy, pale gums, and jaundice, which are similar to those seen in ICH.
  • Bacteremia: This refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, which can cause a range of symptoms including fever, vomiting, and lethargy.
  • Infectious canine hepatitis virus (CAV-1): As mentioned earlier, CAV-1 is a viral infection that can cause ICH. However, it's worth noting that this condition is relatively rare.

It's also worth mentioning that the differential diagnosis of peracute or acute disease in dogs includes other conditions such as:

  • Leptospirosis: This bacterial infection can cause symptoms such as fever, vomiting, and lethargy.
  • Canine acidophil cell virus (CACV): This viral infection can cause symptoms similar to those seen in ICH.

It's essential to consult with a veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. They will be able to perform the necessary tests and examinations to determine the underlying cause of the dog's symptoms.

References:

  • [10] Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) is an uncommonly recognized disease of dogs that is caused by canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), a non-enveloped, icosahedral double-stranded DNA virus that is antigenically related to CAV-2.
  • [11] Clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities often relate to the tendency of the virus to cause hepatocellular necrosis and coagulation disorders.
  • [8] The differential diagnosis of peracute or acute disease in the dog includes heartworm disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, bacteremia, infectious canine hepatitis virus, leptospirosis, and canine acidophil cell virus.

Additional Differential Diagnoses

Additional Information

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obsolete infectious canine hepatitis
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A viral infectious disease that involves necrosis of the liver caused by Canine adenovirus 1 in dogs, wolves, coyotes and bears. The symptoms include fever, leukopenia, apathy, anorexia, conjunctivitis, serous discharge from the eyes and nose, petechiae of the oral mucosa, subcutaneous edema of the head, neck and trunk, hematomas in the mouth, jaundice, and hepatic encephalopathy.
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